Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. It can cause significant pain and, for some people, fertility difficulties.
Symptoms
Possible symptoms include severe menstrual pain, pelvic pain, pain during or after sex, pain with bowel movements or urination around menstruation, heavy bleeding and difficulty becoming pregnant. Some people have few symptoms.
Diagnosis can take time
Symptoms overlap with other conditions. Assessment may involve history, examination and imaging, while laparoscopy may be used in some circumstances. Persistent severe period pain that disrupts normal activities deserves medical attention.
Treatment
Treatment depends on symptoms, fertility goals and disease severity. Options can include pain management, hormonal treatment and surgery. No single treatment is right for everyone.
Fertility and emotional impact
Endometriosis does not mean that pregnancy is impossible, but some people experience infertility. Chronic pain and delayed diagnosis can also affect mental health, relationships and work.
This article is general information and not a diagnostic guide.
Describe the impact, not only the pain score
Record missed work or school, interrupted sleep, painful bowel movements and activities you can no longer manage. A pattern around menstruation can help assessment, but symptoms may also occur between periods. Explain pregnancy goals because they influence treatment choices.
A plan can change over time
Ask what the proposed treatment aims to improve and how long to try it before review. Imaging and surgery have different roles; not every person needs the same sequence. Persistent symptoms deserve reassessment even after a previous normal test. Sudden severe pain, collapse or heavy bleeding needs urgent assessment rather than being assumed to be a usual flare.
Practical checklist
- Keep a brief symptom and cycle record if useful.
- Bring previous imaging, surgery and treatment details.
- Describe effects on work, sex, bowel function and sleep.
- Ask about pain management, hormonal options and referral.
- Discuss fertility goals and emotional support.
Common question
Can a diet cure endometriosis?
No diet has been established as a cure. Avoid nutritional restriction that delays assessment or makes it harder to meet your needs.
Sources and further reading
Related support
Use our appointment preparation guide, resources and community support to plan your next step.
Sources checked 22 September 2026. General education, not individual medical advice. International service arrangements may differ from South Africa. Featured artwork is illustrative, not a patient testimonial.
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